The year of 1980 marked a pivotal turning point in the American political landscape: the electoral victory of presidential candidate Ronald Reagan; the beginnings of the public hysteria and eventual legislative dismantling of affirmative action and other civil rights initiatives; the dawn of the ruthless reign of neo-conservatism; and, in some ways serving as the glue, the ascent of neo-liberalism as the prevailing ideology and standard logic of viewing and ordering the world. Some thirty-five years later, it is almost difficult to remember a world, and more precisely a moment in United States history, when these things were not so dominant. When thinking about the lasting impact of that moment, David Harvey writes, "Future historians may well look upon the years 1978-1980 as a revolutionary turning-point in the world's social and economic history... revolutionary impulses seemingly spread and reverberated to remake the world around us in a totally different image." In short, this was an instance of profound transformation; it was the dawn of the counterrevolution. By no means immune to the changes in the larger political landscape, Black activists and intellectuals also felt the ground moving beneath their feet in 1980, as many would gradually shift from an all out advance towards liberation to a posture concerned with what James Turner described as "the preservation of the modest gains made by African Americans over the last decade." The previous decade witnessed an obvious waning in the Black liberation movement, a slew of high-profile manhunts, arrests, court cases and outright criminalizing of radical activists, the unearthing of Cointelpro, the blooming of the liberation movement in Southern Africa, a taxing debate around various articulations of Marxism and Black nationalism, the full swing of feminism, and a full decade of Africana Studies, which also meant institutionalized space to foster such discussions. It was these changing times that provided the context for the important gathering of Black activists and intellectuals in Ithaca, New York, during September 1980 at the Africana Studies and Research Center at Cornell, and the content for this book. Bound together by the dual purposes of both assessing the road traveled and preparing for the journey ahead, the ensemble in attendance gathered to ponder, "the Next Decade"-as the conference theme spelled out plainly. A quick glance at the conference's list of attendees demonstrates the extraordinar