Columbus assured Spain's Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand that he'd conquer "Espa�ola" with little opposition from its inhabitants, but he soon discovered the promise ominously false. A historical novel, Columbus and Caonab� 1493-1498 Retold dramatizes his invasion of the island on his second voyage and the bitter resistance mounted by its Ta�no peoples, led by the Ta�no chieftain Caonab�. Based closely on primary sources, the story is told from both Ta�no and European perspectives, including through the eyes of Caonab� and Columbus.
Chief Caonab� opposes any European presence on the island and massacres the garrison Columbus left behind on his first voyage. When Columbus returns, the second voyage's twelve-hundred settlers suffer from disease and famine and are alienated by his harsh rule, resulting in crown-appointed officers and others deserting for Spain. Sensing European vulnerability, Caonab� establishes a broad Ta�no alliance to expel the intruders, becoming the first of four centuries of Native American chieftains known to organize war against European expansion. Columbus realizes that Caonab�'s capture or elimination is key to Espa�ola's conquest, and their conflict escalates-with the fateful clash of their soldiers, cultures, and religions, enslavement of Ta�no captives, the imposition of tribute, and hostile face-to-face conversations.
As battles are lost, Caonab�'s wife Anacaona anguishes and considers how to confront the Europeans if Caonab� is killed. The settlers grow more brutal when Columbus explores Cuba and Jamaica, and his enslaved Ta�no interpreters witness them forcing villagers into servitude, committing rape, and destroying Ta�no religious objects. Chief Guarionex, whose territory neighbors Caonab�'s, studies Christianity with missionaries and observes the first recorded baptism of a Native in the Americas but ultimately rejects his own conversion. All brood upon the spirits' or Lord's design as epidemic diseases ravage the island's peoples. Isabella and Ferdinand are disturbed when Columbus initiates slave shipments home, but they deliberately acquiesce-and the justification for the European enslavement of Native Americans begins to evolve.
The novel is the sequel to Encounters Unforeseen: 1492 Retold, which portrays the lives of the same Ta�no and European protagonists from youth thro