Margaret Heritage is an independent consultant in education. For many years her work has centered primarily on formative assessment, including how formative assessment supports regulatory processes, how it contributes to educational equity goals, and, more generally, how teachers can develop assessment literacy knowledge and skills. E. Caroline Wylie is a senior associate at the National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment. She has focused her research and development work on formative assessment, the role it plays within balanced assessment systems, and the learning supports that teachers need to engage in these practices with their students. She regularly works with states and districts to support their work related to these issues.