Daniel P. Todes is Professor Emeritus of History of Medicine at John Hopkins University. His research concerns the relationship of scientific ideas to the context in which they are generated, and the history of science and medicine in Russia. He is the author of Darwin Without Malthus: The Struggle for Existence in Russian Evolutionary Thought and three previous books about Pavlov: Pavlov's Physiology Factory: Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise; a short biography for young adults: Ivan Pavlov: Exploring the Animal Machine; and the first archive-based scholarly biography in any language, Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science. His research has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, Fulbright-Hays, the International Research and Exchanges Board, and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.