Roger Bate is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. He has spent years on the trail of stolen counterfeit and substandard medicines in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, learning the anatomy of the nebulous, far-reaching black market that has caused countless deaths and injuries around the world. He has undertaken field research on fake medicines using handheld spectrometers and laboratory research using basic and sophisticated techniques. He has studied the laws and economics affecting the medicine trade and has published widely in the peer-reviewed scientific, legal and economic literature, including in leading journals such as The Lancet, The Journal of Health Economics, the Journal of International Criminal Justice and the Malaria Journal. He has published nearly one hundred articles on the topic in popular media outlets including the New York Times, the Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal.