Volume XII of the highly respected Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament expands the scope of this fundamental reference tool for biblical studies. Ranging from pasah, pesah ("Passover") toqûm ("stand, rise"), these eighty-six articles include thorough etymological analysis of the Hebrew roots and their derivatives within the context of Semitic and cognate languages, diachronically considered, as well as Septuagint, New Testament, and extracanonical usages. Among the articles of primary theological importance included in Volume XII are these: par'oh ("Pharaoh"), pasa, pesa' ("sin, offense, crime"), seba'ôt ("Sabaoth"), sadaq, sedeq, sedaqâ ("[be] righteous, righteousness"), qds, qodes ("holy"), and qahal ("congregation"). Each article is fully annotated and contains an extensive bibliography with cross-references to the entire series.